损益盈虚与时偕行
伊川易传 · section 116 · 程頤 · 840 characters
Original text
或损或益或盈或虚唯随时而已过者损之不足者益之亏者盈之实者虚之与时偕行也
象曰山下有泽损君子以惩忿窒欲 山下有泽气通上润与深下以増髙皆损下之象君子观损之象以损于己在修已之道所当损者唯忿与欲故以惩戒其忿怒窒塞其意欲也
初九已事遄往无咎酌损之 损之义损刚益柔损下益上也初以阳刚应于四四以隂柔居上位赖初之益者也下之益上当损己而不自以为功所益于上者事既已则速去之不居其功乃无咎也若享其成功之美非损己益上也于为下之道为有咎矣四之隂柔赖初者也故听于初初当酌度其宜而损己以益之过与不及皆不可也
象曰已事遄往尚合志也 尚上也时之所崇用为尚初之所尚者与上合志也四赖于初初益于四与上合志也
九二利贞征凶弗损益之 二以刚中当损刚之时居柔而说体上应六五隂柔之君以柔说应上则失其刚中之徳故戒所利在贞正也征行也离乎中则失其贞正而凶矣守其中乃贞也弗损益之不自损其刚贞则能益其上乃益之也若失其刚贞而用柔说适足以损之而已非损己而益上也世之愚者有虽无邪心而唯知竭力顺上为忠者盖不知弗损益之之义也
象曰九二利贞中以为志也 九居二非正也处说非刚也而得中为善若守其中徳何有不善岂有中而不正者岂有中而有过者二所谓利贞谓以中为志也志存乎中则自正矣大率中重于正中则正矣正不必中也能守中则有益于上矣
六三三人行则损一人一人行则得其友 损者损有余也益者益不足也三人谓下三阳上三隂三阳同行则损九三以益上三隂同行则损上六以为三三人行则损一人也上以柔易刚而谓之损但言其减一耳上与三虽本相应由二爻升降而一卦皆成两相与也初二二阳四五二隂同徳相比三与上应皆两相与则其志専皆为得其友也三虽与四相比然异体而应上非同行者也三人则损一人一人则得其友盖天下无不二者一与二相对待生生之本也三则余而当损矣此损益之大义也夫子又于系辞尽其义曰天地𬘡缊万物化醇男女搆精万物化生易曰三人行则损一人一人行则得其友言致一也𬘡缊交宻之状天地之气相交而宻则生万物之化醇醇谓𬪩厚𬪩厚犹精一也男女精气交构则化生万物唯精醇专一所以能生也一隂一阳岂可二也故三则当损言专致乎一也天地之间当损益之明且大者莫过此也
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